The Great Cascadia Earthquake of 2xxx

Cascadia is Americas own tectonic version of Sumatra, where the magnitude 9.3 earthquake and tsunami of 2004 occurred. Stretching off the Pacific shore from northern California some 1300 kilometers to the tip of Vancouver Island, the Cascadia subduction zone appears capable of its own magnitude 9 earthquake. What do we know about its behavior and its history? What would that great Cascadia earthquake be like? Subduction Zone Earthquakes, Cascadia and Elsewhere Subduction zones are places where one lithospheric plate plunges beneath another (see Subduction in a Nutshell). They create three kinds of earthquakes: those within the upper plate, those within the lower plate, and those between the plates. The first two categories can include large, damaging quakes of magnitude (M) 7, comparable to the Northridge 1994 and Kobe 1995 events. They can damage whole cities and counties. But the third category is what concerns disaster officials. These great subduction events, M 8 and M 9, can release hundreds of times more energy and damage wide regions inhabited by millions of people. They are what everybody means by the Big One. Earthquakes get their energy from strain (distortion) built up in rocks from the stress forces along a fault (see Earthquakes in a Nutshell). Great subduction events are so large because the fault involved has a very large surface area on which rocks gather strain. Knowing this, we can easily find where the worlds M 9 earthquakes happen by locating the longest subduction zones: southern Mexico and Central America, South Americas Pacific coast, Iran and the Himalaya, western Indonesia, eastern Asia from New Guinea to Kamchatka, the Tonga Trench, the Aleutian Island chain and Alaska Peninsula, and Cascadia. Magnitude-9 quakes differ from smaller ones in two distinct ways: they last longer and they have more low-frequency energy. They dont shake any harder, but the greater length of shaking causes more destruction. And the low frequencies are more effective at causing landslides, damaging large structures and exciting water bodies. Their power to move water accounts for the fearsome threat of tsunamis, both in the shaken region and on coastlines near and far (see more on tsunamis). After the strain energy is released in great earthquakes, whole coastlines may subside as the crust relaxes. Offshore, the ocean floor may rise. Volcanoes may respond with their own activity. Low-lying lands may turn to mush from seismic liquefaction and widespread landslides may be triggered, sometimes creeping along for years afterward. These things may leave clues for future geologists. Cascadias Earthquake History Studies of past subduction earthquakes are inexact things, based on finding their geologic signs: sudden changes of elevation that drown coastal forests, disturbances in ancient tree rings, buried beds of beach sand washed far inland and so on. Twenty-five years of research has determined that Big Ones affect Cascadia, or large parts of it, every few centuries. Times between events range from 200 to about 1000 years, and the average is around 500 years. The most recent Big One is rather well dated, although no one in Cascadia at the time could write. It occurred around 9 p.m. on 26 January 1700. We know this because the tsunami it generated struck the shores of Japan the next day, where the authorities recorded the signs and damages. In Cascadia, tree rings, oral traditions of the local people and geologic evidence support this story. The Coming Big One Weve seen enough recent M 9 earthquakes to have a good idea of what the next one will do to Cascadia: they struck inhabited regions in 1960 (Chile), 1964 (Alaska), 2004 (Sumatra) and 2010 (Chile again). The Cascadia Region Earthquake Workgroup (CREW) recently prepared a 24-page booklet, including photos from historic quakes, to bring the dreadful scenario to life: Strong shaking will last for 4 minutes, killing and injuring thousands.A tsunami up to 10 meters high will wash over the coast within minutes.Much of coastal Route 101 will be impassable due to wave and landslide damage.Parts of the coast will be cut off from inland cities when the roads are buried. Roads through the Cascades may likewise be blocked.For rescue, first aid, and immediate relief most places will be on their own.Utilities and transportation in the I-5/Highway 99 corridor will be disrupted for months.Cities may have significant fatalities as tall buildings collapse.Aftershocks will continue for years, some of them large earthquakes in themselves. From Seattle on down, Cascadian governments are preparing for this event. (In this effort they have much to learn from Japans Tokai Earthquake program.) The work ahead is enormous and will never be finished, but all of it will count: public education, setting up tsunami evacuation routes, strengthening buildings and building codes, conducting drills and more. The CREW pamphlet, Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes: A magnitude 9.0 earthquake scenario, has more.

The First Camper With A Years Old Girl With Cerebral Palsy

The first camper paired with me was Sarah - a fourteen-year-old girl with cerebral palsy. Although she was bound to a wheelchair, she was as boy crazy as any fourteen-year-old girl. Because we were the same age, we bonded over several things, especially our love for Justin Bieber and One Direction. Our friendship did not start as a normal friendship would since I assisted her in all daily activities, but it was a friendship built on love and appreciation of one another. During the same year, I met Devon. She had Down Syndrome, but she did not let this disability stop her. She brought a positive attitude to all activities. Often, she would come up behind me and tickle me; if I laughed, Devon would laugh. On rainy days or before rest hour, she became Rainbow Dash and rapped in the cabin about anything and everything. My favorite side of Devon is the tomboy that came out during outdoor games. Although her mental disability inhibited her physical, it did not stop her â€Å"trash† talking her opponents. My most recent camper is Lizzie. Lizzie had a developmental disability; although she was thirteen, she had the mental capacity of a four year old. Sometimes, Lizzie had a hard time verbalizing what she wanted and became aggravated with her attendants for not understanding. The volunteers knew what would always cheer her up: her slinky. Lizzie asked me countless times a day if we could go to Cracker Barrel just to buy a small purple slinky. Lizzie was happy as long as she has herShow MoreRelatedThe Athletes With Autism Center Of North Mississippi ( Acnm )939 Words   |  4 PagesOur first speaker for SW 325 The Helping Professional in Health Settings class was Sharon Boudreaux. Sharon has a Master of Arts in Teaching of special education. She focused on Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) for teaching children with autism and other forms of developmental setbacks. Sharon is currently the Director of Education Outreach at the Autism Center of North Mississippi (ACNM). The ACNM, which Shar on helped in creating and growing, provides educational and behavioral services to familiesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The Accidents Of Nature By Harriet Mcbryde Johnson Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesNature by Harriet McBryde Johnson is a book that provides readers with both a positive representation of life with disability as well as showing a wide range of disabilities. Accidents of Nature is set in the year 1970 and is about a seventeen year old girl named Jean who has cerebral palsy and uses a wheelchair to get around. Despite her condition, Jean has always thought of herself as the same as everyone else as she goes to a normal, abled-bodied school and has normal abled-bodied friendsRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesretirement buyouts. Additionally, employees were promised profit sharing, which has resulted in up to three weeks additional pay in profit sharing bonuses in some years. The test of the change is in the results. GE Fanuc†™s revenue is up women employees, who composed about three-fourths of the bank’s workers. As a result, several years later about one-fourth of all managers and executives are women. Similar attention also was focused on other diverse groups of employees. So that all employees were

Read Recite Review Free Essays

| Read-Recite-Review†¦ Remember| A critical analysis; 3R Study strategy| | Nicole Turnbull| | | Transition to University Study – SSS021 Roy Sanders 13 March 2013 Transition to University Study – SSS021 Roy Sanders 13 March 2013 Mark A. McDonald, Daniel C. Howard and Gillies O. We will write a custom essay sample on Read Recite Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Einstein (2009). The Read-Recite-Review Study: Effective and Portable. A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, Vol 20 No 4, 516 – 522. There are numerous strategies used by students for learning and recalling information from various sources of educational texts. The paper (Mark A. McDonald, 2009) provides evidence why the study strategy; 3R Read-Recite-Review produces mnemonic benefits that exceed those of note-taking and rereading. Two experiments were conducted, students were instructed to learn specific pieces of text using either; reread only (control group), read and take notes (control group) or follow the process of the read-recite-review strategy. The effectiveness and efficiency of the study strategies were assessed by timing the time taken to complete the reading process and by comparing the results of immediate and delayed testing which utilised free call, multiple choice and short answers to check the amount of information retained. Experiment 1 required students to read factual, simple and short passages which proved that the 3R strategy was more effective using free call of information both immediately and delayed, however these benefits did not show in the results for both multiple choice nd short answer tests. Experiment 2 involved students reading longer and more complex passages, results supported those found in experiment 1. Additionally the second experiment found 3R beneficial over rereading for both multiple choice and problem solving. The results from both experiments concluded that the 3R strategy may promote a deep learning of materials, having benefits beyond improving retention. The study clearly demonstrate d that the 3R strategy is an efficient and effective study strategy when used in a controlled laboratory setting. However, the study was unable to establish if the motivation level of students would weaken the processing benefits of the strategy. As Daniel, Howard and Einstein state if learners are in a more motivating setting and consequently are more conscientious in their study activities, would the effects of 3R be attenuated? The experiments were performed using psychology students who participated either as part of a course requirement or for money, however students in all fields of study utilise study strategies. The motivation of students is again questioned as the I believe the personal benefit would be greater in a real life setting as opposed to receiving a monetary value to participate with no personal impact from the result achieved. Therefore I think the study should be repeated using a range of students from various courses/fields of study, using more real life motivators. In addition, I suggest testing the 3R strategy using spaced presentations of learning materials as opposed to information being presented in one sitting in order to test the effectiveness on longer term retention. How to cite Read Recite Review, Papers

Global cultures Essay Example For Students

Global cultures Essay Begler, Elsie. Global Cultures: The First Steps Toward Understanding Social Education. September 1998, 62(5) pg. 272-275. In Beglers Article a discussion on how educators should go about teaching culture occurs. The article starts out by giving a definition of what is meant by culture and the different aspects of culture. The Author sets up the guidelines for which she will interpret and use culture. The definitions of culture are presented very clearly so as the reader can fully understand where the author is coming from in the rest of the article. The author spends significant time discussing the World Culture Model, which could be a very useful tool to a teacher that is developing a unit on culture or just incorporating aspects of culture into the classroom. The model that is presented can be particularly useful when comparing cultures because one of the hardest aspects of comparing different cultures is the fact that there are no common grounds to judge the different cultures. The model breaks down culture into easy to look at portions, which makes it easier for both student and teacher to study. The end of the article is dedicated to giving a lesson plan and examples of how to use the model and implement culture into the classroom. The example given is very well displayed and gives some great ideas that teachers can use in everyday lessons or as ideas for their own lessons. In my opinion Begler presents a very interesting case about the study of culture. She says that it is hard to understand other cultures when our own is misunderstood. I find this fact to be very true, from my own experiences in life as well as our class discussions. For instance when the case where the Navajo students wouldnt take the test and I was presented with the question of how I would deal with this situation. This at first confused me but after thinking about the situation, I realized that I couldnt understand why this would occur from the point of view of my own culture. I dont know why it is so ingrained in our culture to try to be #1 so how can I understand the Navajo point of view, I cant. Beglers point as I see it is that if people as a culture learn to look at others cultures and just try to understand them it will be much easier to accept differences in the cultures. The World Culture Model presented in this article could be a very valuable tool to any teacher, no matter what content area they teach in. The model as I see it is an effective visual tool that can be used to not just study culture but actually look at i t and gain a visual understanding of the culture that is being studied. As a future Social Studies teacher I see this as a tool that can be used to guide virtually every unit that I teach. I say that it could be used for every unit because then as a teacher I would have a common guideline that the students would be able to relate new information to old, aiding in the retention of such information. Another benefit of this model it also caters to visual learners and gives another method to broadly teach to different learning styles. The example of how to use the model was very interesting to me and I would have never thought of this idea. The example went into how to use the model when visiting a culture fair that only has to do with food. The questioning that Begler presents with just food alone enters into some great ideas that any class could use to study any culture. I never realized the amount that could be learned about a specific culture just by looking at how that culture view s food. I found this particularly interesting. Going back to the authors discussion of culture itself I found myself looking at culture the way that she says most individuals look at culture, As Big culture and little culture. Big culture refers to high culture such as fine arts and such, while little Culture refers to the political, social and economic factors in the culture. This separation isnt necessary and really shouldnt be there when actually taking an in-depth look at a culture. I agree with Begler that this is an unnecessary division and shouldnt be there for obvious reasons, such as a culture involves all aspects both the little and the big culture. I think that it is important for teachers to realize this point before any attempt is made to engage students in the project of earning about culture. As a whole I would have to say that this was a very interesting article that really sparked my interest in the culture aspect of my particular content area. I always assumed that culture would be part of most units but no I can see where with the right questions and the right modeling a culture can drive virtually any unit. Again I would like to reiterate the importance of making culture an important part of every students education. With so many cultures existing and changing in the USA alone it is hard to believe that the citizens will be able to peacefully coexist with out a basic understanding of culture differences. That what Beglers method, as well as the general teaching of culture does, they open up individuals to be more receptive of others, making the individuals stronger within their own culture as well as amongst other cultures.

Article Review Example - Write an A+ Grade Paper †Pro-Academic-Writers.com

Article Review Example - Write an A+ Grade Paper Article review writing is a challenging task. It requires the author to have a deep understanding of the article topic, to be able to search and analyze information, to critically summarize the material from different sources. You are to take into account importance and novelty of data and to discuss complex and voluminous topics in easy words. Practice is needed here. You can check an article review example to understand the format of article review writing. Article Review Example Want to properly write and complete an article review? No worries; we have prepared a free sample. Check our examples to easily write article reviews on any subject, whether it is jurisprudence, management, pedagogy, economics, or psychology. You can order a professional article review here. What to Start with? Before writing any article review, you need to understand what kind of article it is, its background, what functions it performs; what actually it is needed for. Get to know the main concepts. Having answers to above questions, you will be able to write an in-depth and fine-grained article review with no problems. Any article review should perform following functions. Outline the main content of an article, determine the relevance of the article, and decide whether to refer to the full text of the article; Discuss the importance of the article topic supported by other relevant information and data. An article review should include a description of the topic, main points discussed in the article, the purpose of writing, conclusions made by the writer. In the article review, you are to indicate what’s new has been stated/ revealed there. Related topics should be mentioned as well. To ease reading, divide your article review into several sections – each having a separate header/ sub-header. What’s more, when writing an article review, remember that its content should be objective. It is necessary to thoroughly study the article and other relevant literature to write an excellent paper. How to do it? Here are some of our recommendations: First, after reading the original article, think on the structure of your article review. Having decided on the main structure of your writing, it will be easier to understand what each section will be about. Highlight important points of the article and write them down in a separate document. You will later use this information when writing an article review. When reading the material, try to find contradictions in the article. You can further use this information. Make your article review more interesting and deep. Think about whether enough information is provided in an article so that you can write a review. If something is not clear in the article, do research. Key Points of Article Review Writing After reading the original article, you need to analyze information present there. Think if you have learned anything new and if information contradicts concepts you were already aware of. At the same time, you need to think how data can be perceived by a reader. Make sure it is fresh, actual, interesting. In general, to write an article review, you need to clearly understand what it is about. Write down key points that answer questions: What are goals set by the article? What is practical novelty of material discussed in the article? Is the conceptual line clear? Are highlighted facts important; do they make sense? Does the article fully cover the topic; are there any blank areas? How clear is the text written? If you have no experience in mastering article reviews, we advise you to review an article review example and understand key format, style, and language nuances. ORDER MY PERFECT ARTICLE REVIEW Writing a Review – Step-by-Step Guide Obviously, writing a review of an article is a difficult-to-accomplish mission. It requires a lot of time and efforts. It is a way easier to split a work into several stages and cope with each separately when you have time and inspiration. This approach has proven to be effective for many students. Step 1 – Write the Name The first thing that needs to be noted in the review is a full title of the article/data about its author – his position/name. Step 2 – Write Summary Do not forget to briefly discuss the problem discussed in the article. Write a few words about the relevance of the article topic. Demonstrate its impact on the audience as well as the novelty brought out by the writer. Step 3 – Evaluate Actuality No matter what field you cover in your paper, it is extremely important to evaluate and indicate the degree of relevance of the article, on what it is based. We advise you to tell the reader how he can benefit from reading your article review as well as the text of the original article. The evaluation process is the most important one. The success of the entire work is dependent on how a student has managed to analyze the issue. Step 4 – Do Not Forget about the Main Be sure to indicate in the article review main aspects that the author offers to the readers. Make sure to discuss main points, evaluate their importance and contribution to the development of the article topic. Step 5 – Write Recommendations While writing a paper, remember that there must necessarily be a recommendation from a reviewer. Use relevant material. In easy words, you are to provide your general impression of the article in the context of other literature on a given topic. Step 6 – Index Authority In the review, it is necessary to indicate data on the reviewer himself. You are to indicate your full name, place of work/ study, signature. Step 7 – Check Other Reviews There are probably many other reviews discussing the same topic and article. We recommend you to check them; thus, you will know how other writers evaluate/ understand the article. What main points they have paid attention to. At the same time, you will be able to see mistakes that some writers make and avoid making them in your own work. Key Elements of a Review Like any piece of writing, an article review is to consist of the introduction, body, conclusion. Each structural element is to perform a specific role and cannot be mixed. Click here to read about the use of transition words and phrases to make all parts of your writing smoothly and logically connected. Introduction The intro part should provide general information about the topic discussed in the article. It should evaluate if the information is actual/ acute. Here you can share your general impressions about the article and its value to the reader; introduction is a good place to have a thesis statement. You can briefly state the main idea of your writing here. Although it is a highly informative part of the article review, an introduction should be no more than 20% of the whole paper. Body The body is a brief description of positive aspects and shortcomings of the journal article. It should identify the central idea of the study and recall achievement of its purpose. In the body of the paper, you need to write basic thoughts and opinions the writer has stated in the text of the original article. Highlight the main critique points of the article in the paper. Support them with facts from research you have done yourself. We advise you to use several information sources and compare information found. It is not a good idea to use citations from the original text. It is better to analyze each statement and share your ideas instead of plagiarizing the text of the article you are reviewing. Are there any important points in the article; do not know what to start with? The best approach would be to highlight the most important argument first; however, you should never forget to mention other critical arguments. Need Help With Article Review? Ask Us! Conclusion A conclusion is the most important element of your writing. It is the very last part a person reads in your paper. Therefore, it is extremely important to make it sound effective. At the end of your writing, provide an overview of main parameters summarizing positive aspects described in articles. Here you can confirm the value of information with facts from other sources. That is, in the concluding part, you can make an emphasis on how information is useful to you and how a reader can benefit from reading it. Ensure the conclusion is maximum informative and short. It should be no more than 10% of the entire paper. How to Assure Success of Your Writing? Once your paper is ready, reread it again. It is necessary to eliminate mistakes and typos in your paper. By proofreading a text, you can check whether necessary information has been fully covered in it. We recommend you to pay attention to the conclusion. One thing if you write something wrong in the intro or body; another thing when the concluding part misses some important points. Typical Errors in Article Review Writing Article review writing is an extremely challenging task. No surprise that students usually make many mistakes. Some of them are listed below for you to avoid them in your essay. Retelling contents of the article instead of analyzing and interpreting it; Writing a comment instead of reviewing an article; Lack of reasoning; Being too original instead of analyzing data from the article; Unclear position of the review writer; The article review overload with secondary details (in particular, with biographical/ historical information that do not become reference points of article analysis); Illiterate or formal use of concepts of literary theory, literary terms. Want to know how to write academic papers? Click here for a full guide. Easy Review Writing Writing a review is a problematic procedure. The thing is that clearly formulating your opinion on research and expressing it in several pages is difficult not only for undergraduate or postgraduate students. You can ease the process if you follow a certain plan and write a paper step by step, according to criteria. If you do not have experience in writing article reviews, it is not a problem. There are many professional online services that can help you cope with the matter. You can place an order on writing an academic article/ movie review from scratch, preparing an outline, or finalizing your draft. Students now have a chance to order an academic assignment from real writing gurus and receive a masterfully crafted paper to their email.

Decision Support Systems

Decision Support Systems Introduction A decision support system is a form of a management information system (MIS). Other MIS methods include transaction processing systems and operations information systems. Management information systems are computer programs that provide the management in any organization with information essential for effective running of the organization, for example, an MIS can be designed to improve communication among staff and to provide a platform for recording information regarding the organization’s revenue and expenditure.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Decision Support Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Decision support systems (DSS), similar to other MISs, are computer programs that aid managers in their day-to-day decision making processes without requiring the presence of computer experts. A DSS has three major elements: Database management system (DBMS) that stocks huge volumes of data that i s vital in finding solutions to problems for which the DSS has been designed to solve; Model-based management systems (MBMS) that processes data received from the DBMS in information that is vital for decision-making; Dialog generation and management system (DGMS) that gives an easy-to-use interface between the system and the managers who lack a broad knowledge of computer-based applications (Turban Liang, 2008, pp. 574). A Brief History of DSS DSS has developed from two core areas of study: the theoretical study of decision-making undertaken at the Carnegie Institute of Tech. during the late 1950s, and the scientific research on interactive computer systems largely done at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Keen, 1978, pp. 10) in the late 1960s. Research and study of DSS gained momentum in the mid-1970s, it was during this time that scientists began to identify a part that computer-based information systems (CBIS) could be of assistance to managers in their decision making pr ocesses. Since then, DSS became a major area of study and in the 1980s, several DSS systems emerged from a sole user and model-oriented DSS, these included the group decision support systems (GDSS) and executive information systems (EIS). EIS is a important tool for firm executives as it provides real-time and vital information that has been processed for tracking and managerial purposes. In the early 1990s, data warehousing and on-line analytical processing (OLAP) started widening the scope of DSS and by the turn of the millennium, new web-based DSS programs were launched. Technological advancements have seen the DSS emerge as an important constituent of the management sector. The introduction of new and better tools has seen the DSS to form an integral element of management design. Decision Support Systems DSSs transform data in such a way that they become useful and quality decisions can be made from them. Coming up with the right decisions usually depends on the quality of data fed into the DSS and the user’s ability to filter the data and identify trends to which one can find solutions. Generally, DSS are simply computer applications along with a human interface that can sort out, process large amounts of data, and carry out the required analyses (Druzdel, 2002, pp. 6).Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A majority of people think that DSSs are a specific division of an organization, however, a majority of companies have incorporated this systems into their daily routines, for example, a number of firms frequently download and study income and revenue data, projected growth, and budget sheets, and they refresh their plans once the analysis of the current results is complete. DSSs have a solid position in firms, yet the data and decisions they are founded on are ever changing. The main function of DSSs is to collect data, analyze, identify trends in t he collected data, and then create strategic decisions or plans from the analyses. Whether computers, databases or persons participate in the process is usually not important, however, it is this procedure of taking unstructured records, collecting it, and after analysis, using it to assist in decision-making. DSS can be categorized in to several models, the number of categories vary from one person to another. For example, we can have two categories when we consider the extent of data processing: passive and inactive, passive DSS only collects and analyzes data while an active DSS goes a step further and processes it. Another categorization system that considers the mode of assistance gives rise to five categories: A Model driven DSS is when managers use statistical, replication, or financial models as a basis of their decisions; A Communication driven DSS is when a number of people work together in coming up with a solution or plan; A Document driven DSS utilizes documents in a n umber of data type to make decisions and strategic plans; A Knowledge driven DSS provides specifically designed rules in a computer to come up with a decision; and A data driven DSS focuses on collected data that is then operated on to correspond the manager’s needs (Topbits, 2010, para. 8). Advantages of DSS There are several advantage that are associated with DSSs, especially in comparison with earlier methods of making decisions. These are outlined below: DSSs enhance personal efficiency- when data is collected and analyzed using scientific DSS methods, there is a drastic reduction of errors collectively known as human errors. After the data is analyzed, managers are able to make informed decisions based on the findings of the DSS procedure; DSSs hasten the pace of problem solving in an organization since the processes are done by automated systems. After installing the appropriate scientific formulas in the computer, the rest of the procedure is taken over by the comput er and the analytic process is swift. Besides, the DSS system filters the data for easier management and hence shortens the duration between data collection and decision-making. DSSs enhance information tracking since the analysis process is systematic and each stage can be tracked easily. Care should be taken during the data collection process, and when feeding it into the computer. Other merits of decision support systems include: enhancing interpersonal communication, reveals new fronts of handling organizational needs; and increases the competitive advantage of a firm. Disadvantages Reduced â€Å"user friendliness†. Although DSSs have been simplified in the recent years, it still remains a hurdle for some companies, especially those that do not have the resources required to implement it. There are costs incurred during the installation stage and staff training, small companies that cannot meet the costs have to resort to traditional methods of making decisions. Hard to quantify. Another problem in using decision support systems stems from the fact that if decision makers do not how to combine the output, the whole process will be in vain. Most decision support systems give outputs that are mathematical in nature, and they require mathematical calculations to find out the type of decision to be made. Finding solutions to model inadequacies. Another problem that comes with the use of DSSs is that the manager/user may not fully understand the inadequacies/ limitations of the DSS model under use. There may be instances where the user knows the knowledge that is required, but not the way to retrieve that knowledge. This problem is common in statistical analysis of data. The majority of statistical packages have a number of tests to be carried out on data irrespective of whether it is suitable or not. Effectiveness of the system A number of new tools and technologies are currently being developed to be added on to the DSS platform, these changes will reshape decision-making in organizations (Eom, 2001, pp. 11). New tools include hardware and computer software, artificial intelligence systems, data mining, OLAP, and internet analysis gadgets. In short, the future of decision support systems is bright. Any company or organization that does not embrace DSS methods and practices will have no place in the future as a majority of companies will have adopted DSSs. Such companies will lack a competitive advantage and will only watch as rivals register huge growth margins. However, we do not have to base growth on future innovations since the competition has already began. Adoption of DSS methods has a couple of benefits as earlier discussed. A firm’s expenses are reduced when it implements DSS methods, for example, fewer staff is required since most of the computerized systems will do most of the work. Besides, the analyses will be carried out in real-time and enable the manager to make even the most urgent decisions. Looking bac k at the advantages and disadvantages of the system, the decision to adopt a decision support system was a positive one.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Decision Support Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Druzdel, M. J. (2002). Decision Support Systems. Encyclopedia of Library and  Information Science. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc Eom, S. B. (2001). Decision Support Systems. International Encyclopedia of Business  and Management. London: International Thomson Business Publishing. Keen, P. G. W. (1978). Decision support systems: an organizational perspective. Reading: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co TopBits. (2010). Decision support system. Retrieved from tech-faq.com/decision-support-system.html Turban, E., Aronson, J. E., and Liang, T. (2008). Decision Support Systems and  Intelligent Systems. California: Pearson/Prentice hall

Trade Policy in Agriculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Trade Policy in Agriculture - Essay Example From this study it is clear that known as the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) , it is a system of agricultural subsidies and price support programs. It consists of direct payments to farmers for crops as well as land cultivated with price support, tariffs and quotas on agricultural goods imported from outside the Union, and intervention prices whereby the EU would buy all production if prices fall to these levels. The objective was to achieve food self-sufficiency, set fair and stable consumer prices, preserve the rural heritage, and ensure a fair and reasonable standard of living for EU farmers. As the study outlines   the CAP imposes import tariffs on certain goods; import quotas designed to restrict quantity that enter the EU market, except for some countries with which it has had some traditional links; intervention prices, already described above; direct subsidies designed to motivate farmers to cultivate certain crops that would ensure stable domestic supply, paid on the basis of land area devoted to such crops; and production quotas intended to prevent overproduction of some food crops. â€Å"Set-aside† payments (meaning payment for setting aside land that were difficult to farm) were also made, although this has been suspended. Several attempts to reform the CAP system have been made. The first one was made in the 1960s by the Mansholt Plan, sought to consolidate small farms into larger ones for more efficient farming. This proposal was defeated by powerful farm lobbies. The MacSharry reform plan sought to limit rising production while simultaneously promoti ng less restricted market through reduced support levels for agricultural products such as beef and cereals.

The role of the court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The role of the court - Essay Example This is clear from Article 22/1 of this law, where it states that "the competent court may, upon the request of either party, order provisional or precautionary measures prior to commencing arbitration proceedings, or upon request by the arbitration tribunal during arbitration proceedings". In this article, rights are limited to the Arbitral Tribunal during the arbitral process without mentioning the rights of the two parties at this stage. This is confirmed by the division between these cases with the preposition "or", which in this context conveys the meaning of differentiating between the two matters. 1.1.2 Gathering Evidences Article 22/3 of the SAL 2012 states the right of the Arbitral Tribunal to request interference of the competent court or any competent agency in order to assist the tribunal during the arbitration procedure. Summoning a witness or rendering documents are examples of this in effect.1 This is also contrary to the former law, which did not contain any similar provisions. Among its provisions, the SAL 2012 does not include granting either party the right of such a request from the competent court. ... Based on the SAL 2012, it is admissible whenever arbitration is commercial for two reasons. First, the provision of Article 2 of this law states the applicability of the provisions of this law to each event of arbitration carried out in the Kingdom and international commercial arbitration held abroad. The second reason is that Article 22, which contains the stipulation of gathering evidence and issuance of Interim Measures, includes general provisions as it does not differentiate between domestic and international arbitration. This is in contrast to the Model Law, by which the Saudi legislature is inspired, states that requesting the assistance of the competent court occurs in place of arbitration.2 This confirms that the Saudi legislature intends to allow the request of this intervention if the location of arbitration is only in the Kingdom. Otherwise, it would have been mentioned as an essential point in the Model Law. Confirmation of such an assumption, and also the Saudi legislat ure intends to in respect to gathering evidence, is based on the rules of Sharia, which form a large part of the constitution of the Kingdom and should not be violated by any law.3 For any Muslim requested to testify and render a document that helps to clarify the truth, he must do so under this law.4 Otherwise, he would be condemned.5 In general, Sharia does not discriminate between the seat of arbitration and the nationality of the beneficiary.6 1.1.3 Extending The Duration of Arbitration Contrary to the former law, and even the Model Law, the SAL 2012 grants either party the right to request to extend the duration of arbitration after the expiration of the period stated in the arbitration agreement, or that which is stipulated by the law when

Mandatory Drug Testing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Mandatory Drug Testing - Assignment Example The experience of recent years shows that drug spread causes numerous problems for present-day life penetrating into almost every sphere of human activity, starting from school and high educational establishments through job and finding its direct aftereffect in drug misuse in prisons, which in addition very often appear to be an immediate result of personal involvement into drug use or indirect distribution of different substances. One way or another, drugs as pervasive evil touches and destroys people’s life day by day endangering the prosperity of their future as minimum and their physical being and psychological health as maximum. The main reason for this lies in inappropriate control or lack of control in such an essential question as drug use by people of various occupations whether they are teachers, students, employees or inmates. In this regard, mandatory drug testing must be accepted and applied universally in the places that have displayed their engagement into drug consumption. There is a strong belief that any kind of tests related to questions of drug use and applied for clarifying of a situation within the issue may be extremely stressful for persons under test. Moreover, they are able to have a negative impact on the reputation of such persons. As a matter of fact, there are particular disadvantages of mandatory drug testing, which can be found in errors and faults of the procedure itself. The question is that any tests and researches are supposed to have some drawbacks, this is the fact. Still, except people’s intentional misrepresentation of absolute data in the matter of drug use or misuse, there even cannot be evident large errors of mechanic origin, since modern equipment is engineered according to the latest scientific discoveries. This is the particular slightness of the opinion.  

Role Of Hemisphericity In Activating Teaching Style Education Essay

Role Of Hemisphericity In Activating Teaching Style Education Essay The most distinctive feature of modern society is science based technology. The changes that occur as a result of the impact of its are called as modernization. This modernization has affected teaching .learning in many ways. Modern teaching learning is giving importance to students activity. It is called student centered approach. In a traditional society the aim of teaching learning acquisition of knowledge. But in modern society the main aim of teaching learning is not only acquisition of knowledge but also the awakening of curiosity, the stimulation of creativity the development of proper interest, attitude and values and the building of essential skills such as independent study teaching learning in the modern society is to keep pace with the achievement of knowledge and skills. According to Dictionary of Education (2005, p.521) learning is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills and belief through experience. Learning takes place when students interact with others and with environment by observing, talking, listening discussing, writing and relating their own ideas and experiences with others.(Reddy, 2006, p.11). Piagets (1964, p.17) describes learning is subordinated to development and not vice versa. He explained development as the active construction of knowledge and learning as the passive formation of association. He was interested in knowledge construction and believes that cognitive development came before learning. According to his view child cannot learn a concept before they are cognitively ready. Here by the term cognitively ready he means development of child. Cognitive development takes place first then they become able to learn where as Vygotsky believed that learning is an active process and it did not wait for readiness. Vygotsky, (1978, p.90) said properly organized learning results in mental development and sets in motion a variety of developmental process that would be impossible apart from learning. He saw learning as a tool in development. Learning pulls development up to higher level and social interaction is a key in learning. So in this way learning can be defined as an individual as well as socialactivity. Learning takes place as a result of experience. For example a first grade student sings, twinkle twinkle little star and second grade student leaves hot spoon immediately. First case is the example of learning while second case is not the example of learning, whats the difference between the examples of learning and not learning? The difference is the experience. In other words the first grade students behavior is the result of his experience. He was not biologically programmed to sing twinkle twinkle little star and leaving hot spoon is reflexive activity. The learning is what students do, teaching is what the teacher can teach. The improvement in teaching can be demonstrated if there is improvement in learning. As observed by prof.R.S. Adams and others students may learn what the teacher intended them to; they may not. Teachers like others are fallible,then may not always teach correctly. It Follows them that in any learning situation students may learn correctly what the teacher taught incorrectly or may learn incorrectly what the teacher taught correctly or fortunately the opposites. 1.2 TEACHING AND LEARNING Teaching and Learning are interlinked. The teacher teaches and students learn. Teaching learning has four aspects they are teacher, student, learning process figure1.1 explained The process in the interaction between student and the teacher Teacher development Pupil Learning Process and learning situation. The teacher creates the learning situation for the student. The process in the interaction between student and the teacher. This interaction is explained in the figure1.1 Teaching learning is influenced by the totality of the learning environmental situation. This interaction is possible through three way communication. This results is behavior changes in the learner. This is diagrammatically explained in the figure1.2 The teacher guiding their students in eight step. *Step 12 communication from the teacher to the learner. *Step 3 to 5 from learner to teacher. *Step 6 to 8 again from teacher to learner. Through this 3 way communication teacher could teach is a linear manner. On the other hand learner can know how well his learning is progressing and how he can success in his way of learning. The teaching components and learning components are interlinked. Teaching objectives are successful only when the learning outcomes coincide within it. The components of teaching learning are given below. 1.2.1.COMPONENTS OF LEARNING PROCESS *Task to be learned. *Characteristics of the task to be learned. * Characteristics of the learner. *Conditions under which effective learning takes place. 1.2.2.COMPONENTS OF TEACHING PROCESS: *Instructional goals. *Entering behavior. *Instructional procedures. *Performance assessment. 1.3.ROLE OF BRAIN IN LEARNING: Brain study research identifies the left brain is the academic brain. It is because educators generally emphasize its process in a traditional class room. It has some limitations in learning on the other hand the right brain is the artistic brain because it is the center for creative talents. Though science and medicines now give more attention to these brain process, education has traditionally neglected the right side, learning half of a students brain potential under educated. Nowadays more school systems are using whole brain learning technique. The brain study shows that learning can be flourished only when teachers make their students to integrate use both sides of their brain is a lesson. For Example in Kg classes, Teachers who use music, Dance, Story telling, Drama or other right brain activities in their class which trigger the left brain students. Their learning capabilities can be increased but in the primary section the teacher can use traditional teaching which reduce t he right brain activities. When right brain teacher teaches left brain students it affects the achievement of the learner. So the teacher should be whole brained their only he can produce right brain and whole brain dominated students. The present study has two phases. *First phase the matching between teaching and learning. *Second phase Brain dominance of the students and teacher. 1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The problem for the present study is titled as compatibility between teaching style and learning style with reference to hemisphericity. 1.5 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS Teaching Style: Teaching Style defined by Fisher and Fisher(1979) as a pervasive way of approaching the learners that might be consistent with several methods of teaching Gregorc(1979) Teaching Style consists of an instructors personal behavior and the media used to transmit or receive data to or from the learner. LEARNING STYLE: Cornett defined learning style as a a consistent pattern of behavior but with a certain range of individual variability. Geogorc and Ward (1977) stated that learning style consists of distinctive and observable behavior that provides clues about the mediation abilities of individuals. In operational terms ,people through their characteristic sets of behavior tell us how their mind related to the world and therefore how they learn. COMPATIBILITY Matching is defined in terms of compatibility the interactive effects of person and environment (Hunt 1979) HEMISPHERICITY: Hemisphericity is the cerebral dominance of an individual is retaining the processing mode of information in his own style of learning and thinking.(Venkatraman 1989) Researcher conducted during the last two decades have shown that the human left cerebral hemisphere is to be specialized for primarily verbal, analytic, abstract, temporal and digital operations (Bogey 1969,Gazzaninga 1970, Ornstein 1972).The same investigation revealed that the right cerebral hemisphere is to be specializes for primarily non verbal holistic, concrete, creative, analogical and aesthetic function. For identifying the hemisphere dominance the ways in which and levels at which the information is being proceed by the individual are to be studied. 1.6 OBJECTIVES OF THES STUDY: *The primary objective of the study is to explore the compatibility between teaching style and learning style and its influence on academic achievement with regards to hemisphericity. * The Secondary objectives are the following. A) To find out the difference in the learning style of the students with respect to demographic variables. B) To find out the differences in the teaching style of the teacher with regards demographic variables. C) To find out the relationship between learning style and information processing style if the students. D) To find out the relationship between the teaching style and brain dominance of the teacher. E) To find out the relationship between learning style and achievement score of the students. F) To find out the relationship between learning style and teaching style and achievement score. 1.7 VARIABLES OF THE STUDY: A) Independent Variables (i) Teaching Style (ii) Learning Style (iii) Information Processing Style (iv) Solat B) Dependent Variable: Achievement Score 1.8. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Learning style is a consistent way of functioning which reflects cultural behavior patterns. These may be revised as a result of training or changes in learning experiences According to Reid(1987:100) learning styles are thus moderately strong habits rather than intractable biological attributes.In all academic classrooms there will be students with multiple learning styles, and students with major, minor and negative learning styles. Teachers are accommodating these learning styles and to bring changes in their own teaching style and provide a variety of activities for them only teachers can meet out needs of different learning styles of students. In a class where mismatch occur the students tend to bores and inactive, inattentive, do poorly on tests get discouraged about the course. They may conclude that they are not good at the subjects of the course and give up. To reduce teacher student style conflicts some researchers in the area of learning styles be matched. KUMARA VADIVELU (1991:98) states that the narrower the gap between teacher intervention and learner interpretation , the greater are the chances of achieving desires learning outcomes. Effective matching between teaching style and learning style can be achieved only when teachers are aware of their learners needs, capacities, potentialities and learning style preferences in meeting these needs.It has been the researchers experience as a teacher may learners fail to achieve an acceptable level of success in achievements tests. Is it possible that some students are failing to be successful at school because teaching methods do not cater for their learning style?Investigator much of reading on this topic suggest that the boredom, lack of success and frustration of students experiences t school could be due to incongruence between teaching strategy of teacher and their preferred learning styles.This inherent problem gave rise to the idea for this researcher topic. It was thus born out of a desire to provide teachers with an alternative approach to improve the learning productivity of their students. 1.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: The present study has demarcated with the following limitations *The time frame the data collection phase of the research was conducted over a periods of 12 weeks. *Level of intelligence and relevant previous knowledge of the learner could also have had as effect on the result of the study. *Size of the sample. The limited number of the population and hence the small sample size could have influenced the degree to which the findings of the research can be generalized to other population. *This is only a precise product study in the area of learning and teaching style. *Due to laborious calculations, only certain variables are studied in this investigation. * The study is limited to the pupils of class ix only. *The study is limited to kancheepuram and Chennai district only. 1.10 CHAPTERIZATION The study is organized into six chapters for easy understanding flexible discussion in statistical results. CHAPTER I The first chapter details about the problem of the study, objectives, significance and scope of the study CHAPTER II It deals with backdrop of the study.It explores about teaching style,learning style,brain study,compatibility between teaching style and learning style,information processing , and solat CHAPTER III It deals with the review of related literature in the present investigation.It explore Indian reviews and international reviews CHAPTER IV The fourth chapter explores the methodology of the study, the statement of the problem, need, hypothesis, variables, studies, method of research, construction of tools , collection of data and statistical techniques used in analysis of data are presented. CHAPTER V This chapter incorporate with descriptive statistics,differential analysis association analysis,correlation analysis and conclusion. CHAPTER VI It is connected with summary, major findings , conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for further study. Bibliography and Appendices are enclosed at the end of the thesis. Thus the finding is detailed in six chapters r.

Comparing Families of Fifty Years Ago with Families of Today :: Compare Contrast Comparison

The definitions of a family today and a family in the past are far from similar. The definitions may have some similarities but they have changed dramatically in many more ways. 50 years ago, families had rules that were stricter and families were closer in the sense of a relationship. Although some families today are more distant from each other and have fewer rules to maintain order, there are still some that maintain the same styles of the families 50 years ago. Families have changed a lot but still have some similarities depending on their home-life. Families today just do not seem to spend time with each other. The mother and father both have jobs and tend to not be home for the children after school therefore causing more independence among each member of the family. Children that have more independence make mistakes on their own without being warned about them. Independent children have no guidance and get out of hand because there is not a strong boss type figure around most of the time to help distinguish the difference between right and wrong. Eating dinner as a family is a major tradition that has been forgotten as the years have gone by and caused more separation among the family. A family 50 years ago that did not eat dinner together would be a strange one but today it seems to be of the norm. Once again, the job affects this aspect of the family as well. People are just too busy at work or too tired to even participate in dinner at home anymore. Either families just do not have time for each other anymore or they j ust are not together due to divorce. Divorce is another thing that was like â€Å"illegal† 50 years ago. Divorce is tragic for the children in the family today and causes the children to hate both or one of the parents. Divorce causes total chaos. This may result in the children to be neglected because single parents need to work to support themselves and their children. Thus, causing no guidance for a growing child. Losing touch with family ties have caused a lot of trouble and will continue to cause more. Families now and 50 years have similarities among the pile of differences. Comparing Families of Fifty Years Ago with Families of Today :: Compare Contrast Comparison The definitions of a family today and a family in the past are far from similar. The definitions may have some similarities but they have changed dramatically in many more ways. 50 years ago, families had rules that were stricter and families were closer in the sense of a relationship. Although some families today are more distant from each other and have fewer rules to maintain order, there are still some that maintain the same styles of the families 50 years ago. Families have changed a lot but still have some similarities depending on their home-life. Families today just do not seem to spend time with each other. The mother and father both have jobs and tend to not be home for the children after school therefore causing more independence among each member of the family. Children that have more independence make mistakes on their own without being warned about them. Independent children have no guidance and get out of hand because there is not a strong boss type figure around most of the time to help distinguish the difference between right and wrong. Eating dinner as a family is a major tradition that has been forgotten as the years have gone by and caused more separation among the family. A family 50 years ago that did not eat dinner together would be a strange one but today it seems to be of the norm. Once again, the job affects this aspect of the family as well. People are just too busy at work or too tired to even participate in dinner at home anymore. Either families just do not have time for each other anymore or they j ust are not together due to divorce. Divorce is another thing that was like â€Å"illegal† 50 years ago. Divorce is tragic for the children in the family today and causes the children to hate both or one of the parents. Divorce causes total chaos. This may result in the children to be neglected because single parents need to work to support themselves and their children. Thus, causing no guidance for a growing child. Losing touch with family ties have caused a lot of trouble and will continue to cause more. Families now and 50 years have similarities among the pile of differences.